KnotesFree Orthopaedic & FRCS notes, viva stations and higher order SBAs

Fracture healing and classification

High YieldTraumathinKbox SBA

Basic fracture description

A fracture should be described by:

  • Bone and segment involved
  • Open or closed
  • Pattern: transverse, oblique, spiral, comminuted
  • Intra-articular or extra-articular
  • Displacement, angulation and rotation

Fracture healing

Healing may be primary or secondary depending on stability and biology.

Factors affecting healing

  • Stability
  • Blood supply
  • Soft tissue injury
  • Infection
  • Smoking and systemic factors

Complications

  • Delayed union
  • Non-union
  • Malunion
  • Infection
  • Compartment syndrome

Diagram

Fracture healing and classification

Written/reviewed by Kishore Puthezhath

Professor of Orthopaedics and Consultant Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon

FRCS (Tr & Orth) revision resource

Reviewed: September 2026