KnotesFree Orthopaedic & FRCS notes, viva stations and higher order SBAs

CES

Must KnowSpinethinKbox SBA

Definition

  • A patient presenting with acute back pain and or leg pain with a suggestion of disturbance of their bladder or bowel function and or saddle sensory disturbance should be suspected to have CES

One or more

  • Bladder and or bowel dysfunction
  • Reduced sensation in saddle area
  • Sexual dysfunction with possible neurological deficit in lower limb

Spectrum

  • CESS (Suspected) unilateral to bilateral symptom
  • CESI (Incomplete) spinster disturbance
  • CESR (Retention) retention is painless
  • 26% progress from CESI to CESR over 24 hours (1% every hour)

Symptoms suggesting MRI

  • B/L sciatica
  • B/L parashesia
  • B/L motor
  • Perineal pain
  • Perineal parasthesia
  • Altered bowel and or bladder
  • Bladder dysfunction

Talk

  • I will ask the patient to void urine, Do an Ultrasound scan to see the residual volume, if >250ml
  • catheterise the patient
  • Tug test
  • Positive, MRI
  • (Post void bladder scan in ACES trial )

DRE

Digital rectal examination

  • will not predict MR positive CES unless and until the CE is severe and irreversible (Gooding et al, BJ NS, 2013)
  • More reliable is perineal parasthesia

MRI

  • Triage
  • Done at local hospital
  • 14-33% positive
  • 4-7% undergo decompression

Decompression

  • Operate with in 48 hours
  • Operate as soon as possible

Written/reviewed by Kishore Puthezhath

Professor of Orthopaedics and Consultant Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon

FRCS (Tr & Orth) revision resource

Reviewed: September 2026