KnotesFree Orthopaedic & FRCS notes, viva stations and higher order SBAs

Ganglion and giant cell tumour of tendon sheath

High YieldHand & WristthinKbox SBA

Ganglion cyst

A ganglion is a benign cystic lesion arising from a joint or tendon sheath. It contains gelatinous fluid and has no true epithelial lining.

Common sites

  • dorsal wrist
  • volar wrist
  • flexor tendon sheath
  • distal interphalangeal region as mucous cyst

Management

  • reassurance for asymptomatic lesions
  • aspiration in selected cases, acknowledging recurrence risk
  • surgical excision for persistent pain, functional limitation, nerve compression or recurrent symptomatic lesions

Giant cell tumour of tendon sheath

A giant cell tumour of tendon sheath is a benign proliferative lesion of synovial origin, usually presenting as a firm slow-growing hand mass.

Features

  • usually painless
  • commonly occurs around fingers
  • may erode adjacent bone by pressure
  • histology demonstrates multinucleated giant cells, histiocytes and hemosiderin

Treatment

Complete local excision is the treatment of choice. Recurrence may occur, particularly after incomplete excision.

Written/reviewed by Kishore Puthezhath

Professor of Orthopaedics and Consultant Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon

FRCS (Tr & Orth) revision resource

Reviewed: September 2026